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Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Give form to the requester. Do not send to the IRS.

Form W-9
(Rev. March 2024)
Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification

Go to www.irs.gov/FormW9 for instructions and the latest information.

Before you begin. For guidance related to the purpose of Form W-9, see Purpose of Form, below.

Print or type. See Specific Instructions on page 3.

1 Name of entity/individual. An entry is required. (For a sole proprietor or disregarded entity, enter the owner's name on line 1, and enter the business/disregarded entity's name on line 2.) ----
2 Business name/disregarded entity name, if different from above. ----
3a Check the appropriate box for federal tax classification of the entity/individual whose name is entered on line 1. Check only one of the following seven boxes.
-- Individual/sole proprietor
-- C corporation
-- S corporation
-- Partnership
-- Trust/estate
-- LLC. Enter the tax classification (C = C corporation, S = S corporation, P = Partnership) ----
Note: Check the "LLC" box above and, in the entry space, enter the appropriate code (C, S, or P) for the tax classification of the LLC, unless it is a disregarded entity. A disregarded entity should instead check the appropriate box for the tax classification of its owner.
-- Other (see instructions) ----
3b If on line 3a you checked "Partnership" or "Trust/estate," or checked "LLC" and entered "P" as its tax classification, and you are providing this form to a partnership, trust, or estate in which you have an ownership interest, check this box if you have any foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries. See instructions --
4 Exemptions (codes apply only to certain entities, not individuals; see instructions on page 3):
Exempt payee code (if any) ----
Exemption from Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) reporting code (if any) ----
(Applies to accounts maintained outside the United States.)
5 Address (number, street, and apt. or suite no.). See instructions. ----
Requester's name and address (optional) ----
6 City, state, and ZIP code ----
7 List account number(s) here (optional) ----

Part I Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)

Enter your TIN in the appropriate box. The TIN provided must match the name given on line 1 to avoid backup withholding. For individuals, this is generally your social security number (SSN). However, for a resident alien, sole proprietor, or disregarded entity, see the instructions for Part I, later. For other entities, it is your employer identification number (EIN). If you do not have a number, see How to get a TIN, later.

Note: If the account is in more than one name, see the instructions for line 1. See also What Name and Number To Give the Requester for guidelines on whose number to enter.

Social security number ----
or
Employer identification number ----

Part II Certification

Under penalties of perjury, I certify that:

1. The number shown on this form is my correct taxpayer identification number (or I am waiting for a number to be issued to me); and
2. I am not subject to backup withholding because (a) I am exempt from backup withholding, or (b) I have not been notified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that I am subject to backup withholding as a result of a failure to report all interest or dividends, or (c) the IRS has notified me that I am no longer subject to backup withholding; and
3. I am a U.S. citizen or other U.S. person (defined below); and
4. The FATCA code(s) entered on this form (if any) indicating that I am exempt from FATCA reporting is correct.

Certification instructions. You must cross out item 2 above if you have been notified by the IRS that you are currently subject to backup withholding because you have failed to report all interest and dividends on your tax return. For real estate transactions, item 2 does not apply. For mortgage interest paid, acquisition or abandonment of secured property, cancellation of debt, contributions to an individual retirement arrangement (IRA), and, generally, payments other than interest and dividends, you are not required to sign the certification, but you must provide your correct TIN. See the instructions for Part II, later.

Sign Here

Signature of U.S. person ----
Date ----

General Instructions

Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code unless otherwise noted.

Future developments. For the latest information about developments related to Form W-9 and its instructions, such as legislation enacted after they were published, go to www.irs.gov/FormW9.

What's New

Line 3a has been modified to clarify how a disregarded entity completes this line. An LLC that is a disregarded entity should check the appropriate box for the tax classification of its owner. Otherwise, it should check the "LLC" box and enter its appropriate tax classification.

New line 3b has been added to this form. A flow-through entity is required to complete this line to indicate that it has direct or indirect foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries when it provides the Form W-9 to another flow-through entity in which it has an ownership interest. This change is intended to provide a flow-through entity with information regarding the status of its indirect foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries, so that it can satisfy any applicable reporting requirements. For example, a partnership that has any indirect foreign partners may be required to complete Schedules K-2 and K-3. See the Partnership Instructions for Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065).

Purpose of Form

An individual or entity (Form W-9 requester) who is required to file an information return with the IRS is giving you this form because they

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must obtain your correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), which may be your social security number (SSN), individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN), adoption taxpayer identification number (ATIN), or employer identification number (EIN), to report on an information return the amount paid to you, or other amount reportable on an information return. Examples of information returns include, but are not limited to, the following.

• Form 1099-INT (interest earned or paid).
• Form 1099-DIV (dividends, including those from stocks or mutual funds).
• Form 1099-MISC (various types of income, prizes, awards, or gross proceeds).
• Form 1099-NEC (nonemployee compensation).
• Form 1099-B (stock or mutual fund sales and certain other transactions by brokers).
• Form 1099-S (proceeds from real estate transactions).
• Form 1099-K (merchant card and third-party network transactions).
• Form 1098 (home mortgage interest), 1098-E (student loan interest), and 1098-T (tuition).
• Form 1099-C (canceled debt).
• Form 1099-A (acquisition or abandonment of secured property).

Use Form W-9 only if you are a U.S. person (including a resident alien), to provide your correct TIN.

Caution: If you don't return Form W-9 to the requester with a TIN, you might be subject to backup withholding. See What is backup withholding, later.

By signing the filled-out form, you:

1. Certify that the TIN you are giving is correct (or you are waiting for a number to be issued);
2. Certify that you are not subject to backup withholding; or
3. Claim exemption from backup withholding if you are a U.S. exempt payee; and
4. Certify to your non-foreign status for purposes of withholding under chapter 3 or 4 of the Code (if applicable); and
5. Certify that FATCA code(s) entered on this form (if any) indicating that you are exempt from the FATCA reporting is correct. See What Is FATCA Reporting, later, for further information.

Note: If you are a U.S. person and a requester gives you a form other than Form W-9 to request your TIN, you must use the requester's form if it is substantially similar to this Form W-9.

Definition of a U.S. person. For federal tax purposes, you are considered a U.S. person if you are:

• An individual who is a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien;
• A partnership, corporation, company, or association created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States;
• An estate (other than a foreign estate); or
• A domestic trust (as defined in Regulations section 301.7701-7).

Establishing U.S. status for purposes of chapter 3 and chapter 4 withholding. Payments made to foreign persons, including certain distributions, allocations of income, or transfers of sales proceeds, may be subject to withholding under chapter 3 or chapter 4 of the Code (sections 1441-1474). Under those rules, if a Form W-9 or other certification of non-foreign status has not been received, a withholding agent, transferee, or partnership (payor) generally applies presumption rules that may require the payor to withhold applicable tax from the recipient, owner, transferor, or partner (payee). See Pub. 515, Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Entities.

The following persons must provide Form W-9 to the payor for purposes of establishing its non-foreign status.

• In the case of a disregarded entity with a U.S. owner, the U.S. owner of the disregarded entity and not the disregarded entity.
• In the case of a grantor trust with a U.S. grantor or other U.S. owner, generally, the U.S. grantor or other U.S. owner of the grantor trust and not the grantor trust.
• In the case of a U.S. trust (other than a grantor trust), the U.S. trust and not the beneficiaries of the trust.

See Pub. 515 for more information on providing a Form W-9 or a certification of non-foreign status to avoid withholding.

Foreign person. If you are a foreign person or the U.S. branch of a foreign bank that has elected to be treated as a U.S. person (under Regulations section 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) or other applicable section for chapter 3 or 4 purposes), do not use Form W-9. Instead, use the appropriate Form W-8 or Form 8233 (see Pub. 515). If you are a qualified foreign pension fund under Regulations section 1.897(l)-1(d), or a partnership that is wholly owned by qualified foreign pension funds, that is treated as a non-foreign person for purposes of section 1445 withholding, do not use Form W-9. Instead, use Form W-8EXP (or other certification of non-foreign status).

Nonresident alien who becomes a resident alien. Generally, only a nonresident alien individual may use the terms of a tax treaty to reduce or eliminate U.S. tax on certain types of income. However, most tax treaties contain a provision known as a saving clause. Exceptions specified in the saving clause may permit an exemption from tax to continue for certain types of income even after the payee has otherwise become a U.S. resident alien for tax purposes.

If you are a U.S. resident alien who is relying on an exception contained in the saving clause of a tax treaty to claim an exemption from U.S. tax on certain types of income, you must attach a statement to Form W-9 that specifies the following five items.

1. The treaty country. Generally, this must be the same treaty under which you claimed exemption from tax as a nonresident alien.
2. The treaty article addressing the income.
3. The article number (or location) in the tax treaty that contains the saving clause and its exceptions.
4. The type and amount of income that qualifies for the exemption from tax.
5. Sufficient facts to justify the exemption from tax under the terms of the treaty article.

Example. Article 20 of the U.S.-China income tax treaty allows an exemption from tax for scholarship income received by a Chinese student temporarily present in the United States. Under U.S. law, this student will become a resident alien for tax purposes if their stay in the United States exceeds 5 calendar years. However, paragraph 2 of the first Protocol to the U.S.-China treaty (dated April 30, 1984) allows the provisions of Article 20 to continue to apply even after the Chinese student becomes a resident alien of the United States. A Chinese student who qualifies for this exception (under paragraph 2 of the first Protocol) and is relying on this exception to claim an exemption from tax on their scholarship or fellowship income would attach to Form W-9 a statement that includes the information described above to support that exemption.

If you are a nonresident alien or a foreign entity, give the requester the appropriate completed Form W-8 or Form 8233.

Backup Withholding

What is backup withholding? Persons making certain payments to you must under certain conditions withhold and pay to the IRS 24% of such payments. This is called "backup withholding." Payments that may be subject to backup withholding include, but are not limited to, interest, tax-exempt interest, dividends, broker and barter exchange transactions, rents, royalties, nonemployee pay, payments made in settlement of payment card and third-party network transactions, and certain payments from fishing boat operators. Real estate transactions are not subject to backup withholding.

You will not be subject to backup withholding on payments you receive if you give the requester your correct TIN, make the proper certifications, and report all your taxable interest and dividends on your tax return.

Payments you receive will be subject to backup withholding if:

1. You do not furnish your TIN to the requester;
2. You do not certify your TIN when required (see the instructions for Part II for details);
3. The IRS tells the requester that you furnished an incorrect TIN;
4. The IRS tells you that you are subject to backup withholding because you did not report all your interest and dividends on your tax return (for reportable interest and dividends only); or
5. You do not certify to the requester that you are not subject to backup withholding, as described in item 4 under "By signing the filled-out form" above (for reportable interest and dividend accounts opened after 1983 only).

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Form W-9 (Rev. 3-2024)
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Certain payees and payments are exempt from backup withholding. See Exempt payee code, later, and the separate Instructions for the Requester of Form W-9 for more information.

See also Establishing U.S. status for purposes of chapter 3 and chapter 4 withholding, earlier.

What Is FATCA Reporting?

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) requires a participating foreign financial institution to report all U.S. account holders that are specified U.S. persons. Certain payees are exempt from FATCA reporting. See Exemption from FATCA reporting code, later, and the Instructions for the Requester of Form W-9 for more information.

Updating Your Information

You must provide updated information to any person to whom you claimed to be an exempt payee if you are no longer an exempt payee and anticipate receiving reportable payments in the future from this person. For example, you may need to provide updated information if you are a C corporation that elects to be an S corporation, or if you are no longer tax exempt. In addition, you must furnish a new Form W-9 if the name or TIN changes for the account, for example, if the grantor of a grantor trust dies.

Penalties

Failure to furnish TIN. If you fail to furnish your correct TIN to a requester, you are subject to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

Civil penalty for false information with respect to withholding. If you make a false statement with no reasonable basis that results in no backup withholding, you are subject to a $500 penalty.

Criminal penalty for falsifying information. Willfully falsifying certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or imprisonment.

Misuse of TINs. If the requester discloses or uses TINs in violation of federal law, the requester may be subject to civil and criminal penalties.

Specific Instructions

Line 1

You must enter one of the following on this line; do not leave this line blank. The name should match the name on your tax return.

 If this Form W-9 is for a joint account (other than an account maintained by a foreign financial institution (FFI)), list first, and then circle, the name of the person or entity whose number you entered in Part I of Form W-9. If you are providing Form W-9 to an FFI to document a joint account, each holder of the account that is a U.S. person must provide a Form W-9.

• Individual. Generally, enter the name shown on your tax return. If you have changed your last name without informing the Social Security Administration (SSA) of the name change, enter your first name, the last name as shown on your social security card, and your new last name.
Note for ITIN applicant: Enter your individual name as it was entered on your Form W-7 application, line 1a. This should also be the same as the name you entered on the Form 1040 you filed with your application.
• Sole proprietor. Enter your individual name as shown on your Form 1040 on line 1. Enter your business, trade, or "doing business as" (DBA) name on line 2.
• Partnership, C corporation, S corporation, or LLC, other than a disregarded entity. Enter the entity's name as shown on the entity's tax return on line 1 and any business, trade, or DBA name on line 2.
• Other entities. Enter your name as shown on required U.S. federal tax documents on line 1. This name should match the name shown on the charter or other legal document creating the entity. Enter any business, trade, or DBA name on line 2.
• Disregarded entity. In general, a business entity that has a single owner, including an LLC, and is not a corporation, is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner (a disregarded entity). See Regulations section 301.7701-2(c)(2). A disregarded entity should check the appropriate box for the tax classification of its owner. Enter the owner's name on line 1. The name of the owner entered on line 1 should never be a disregarded entity. The name on line 1 should be the name shown on the income tax return on which the income should be reported. For example, if a foreign LLC that is treated as a disregarded entity for U.S. federal tax purposes has a single owner that is a U.S. person, the U.S. owner's name is required to be provided on line 1. If the direct owner of the entity is also a disregarded entity, enter the first owner that is not disregarded for federal tax purposes. Enter the disregarded entity's name on line 2. If the owner of the disregarded entity is a foreign person, the owner must complete an appropriate Form W-8 instead of a Form W-9. This is the case even if the foreign person has a U.S. TIN.

Line 2

If you have a business name, trade name, DBA name, or disregarded entity name, enter it on line 2.

Line 3a

Check the appropriate box on line 3a for the U.S. federal tax classification of the person whose name is entered on line 1. Check only one box on line 3a.

IF the entity/individual on line 1 is a(n) ...
• Corporation
THEN check the box for ... Corporation.
IF the entity/individual on line 1 is a(n) ...
• Individual or
• Sole proprietorship
THEN check the box for ... Individual/sole proprietor.
IF the entity/individual on line 1 is a(n) ...
• LLC classified as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes or
• LLC that has filed Form 8832 or 2553 electing to be taxed as a corporation
THEN check the box for ... Limited liability company and enter the appropriate tax classification:
P = Partnership,
C = C corporation, or
S = S corporation.
IF the entity/individual on line 1 is a(n) ...
• Partnership
THEN check the box for... Partnership.
IF the entity/individual on line 1 is a(n) ...
• Trust/estate
THEN check the box for ... Trust/estate.

Line 3b

Check this box if you are a partnership (including an LLC classified as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes), trust, or estate that has any foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries, and you are providing this form to a partnership, trust, or estate, in which you have an ownership interest. You must check the box on line 3b if you receive a Form W-8 (or documentary evidence) from any partner, owner, or beneficiary establishing foreign status or if you receive a Form W-9 from any partner, owner, or beneficiary that has checked the box on line 3b.

Note: A partnership that provides a Form W-9 and checks box 3b may be required to complete Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065). For more information, see the Partnership Instructions for Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065).

If you are required to complete line 3b but fail to do so, you may not receive the information necessary to file a correct information return with the IRS or furnish a correct payee statement to your partners or beneficiaries. See, for example, sections 6698, 6722, and 6724 for penalties that may apply.

Line 4 Exemptions

If you are exempt from backup withholding and/or FATCA reporting, enter in the appropriate space on line 4 any code(s) that may apply to you.

Exempt payee code.

• Generally, individuals (including sole proprietors) are not exempt from backup withholding.
• Except as provided below, corporations are exempt from backup withholding for certain payments, including interest and dividends.
• Corporations are not exempt from backup withholding for payments made in settlement of payment card or third-party network transactions.
• Corporations are not exempt from backup withholding with respect to attorneys' fees or gross proceeds paid to attorneys, and corporations that provide medical or health care services are not exempt with respect to payments reportable on Form 1099-MISC.

The following codes identify payees that are exempt from backup withholding. Enter the appropriate code in the space on line 4.

1-An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), any IRA, or a custodial account under section 403(b)(7) if the account satisfies the requirements of section 401(f)(2).

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2-The United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities.
3-A state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. commonwealth or territory, or any of their political subdivisions or instrumentalities.
4-A foreign government or any of its political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities.
5-A corporation.
6-A dealer in securities or commodities required to register in the United States, the District of Columbia, or a U.S. commonwealth or territory.
7-A futures commission merchant registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
8-A real estate investment trust.
9-An entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
10-A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a). 11-A financial institution as defined under section 581.
12-A middleman known in the investment community as a nominee or custodian.
13-A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in section 4947.

The following chart shows types of payments that may be exempt from backup withholding. The chart applies to the exempt payees listed above, 1 through 13.

IF the payment is for...
• Interest and dividend payments
THEN the payment is exempt for... All exempt payees except for 7.
IF the payment is for...
• Broker transactions
THEN the payment is exempt for... Exempt payees 1 through 4 and 6 through 11 and all C corporations. S corporations must not enter an exempt payee code because they are exempt only for sales of noncovered securities acquired prior to 2012.
IF the payment is for...
• Barter exchange transactions and patronage dividends
THEN the payment is exempt for... Exempt payees 1 through 4.
IF the payment is for...
• Payments over $600 required to be reported and direct sales over $5,0001
THEN the payment is exempt for... Generally, exempt payees 1 through 5.2
IF the payment is for...
• Payments made in settlement of payment card or third-party network transactions
THEN the payment is exempt for... Exempt payees 1 through 4.

1 See Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Information, and its instructions.

2 However, the following payments made to a corporation and reportable on Form 1099-MISC are not exempt from backup withholding: medical and health care payments, attorneys’ fees, gross proceeds paid to an attorney reportable under section 6045(f), and payments for services paid by a federal executive agency.

Exemption from FATCA reporting code. The following codes identify payees that are exempt from reporting under FATCA. These codes apply to persons submitting this form for accounts maintained outside of the United States by certain foreign financial institutions. Therefore, if you are only submitting this form for an account you hold in the United States, you may leave this field blank. Consult with the person requesting this form if you are uncertain if the financial institution is subject to these requirements. A requester may indicate that a code is not required by providing you with a Form W-9 with "Not Applicable" (or any similar indication) entered on the line for a FATCA exemption code.

A-An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a) or any individual retirement plan as defined in section 7701(a)(37).
B-The United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities.
C-A state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. commonwealth or territory, or any of their political subdivisions or instrumentalities.
D-A corporation the stock of which is regularly traded on one or more established securities markets, as described in Regulations section 1.1472-1(c)(1)(i).
E-A corporation that is a member of the same expanded affiliated group as a corporation described in Regulations section 1.1472-1(c)(1)(i).
F-A dealer in securities, commodities, or derivative financial instruments (including notional principal contracts, futures, forwards, and options) that is registered as such under the laws of the United States or any state.
G-A real estate investment trust.
H-A regulated investment company as defined in section 851 or an entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
I-A common trust fund as defined in section 584(a).
J-A bank as defined in section 581.
K-A broker.
L-A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in section 4947(a)(1).
M-A tax-exempt trust under a section 403(b) plan or section 457(g) plan.

Note: You may wish to consult with the financial institution requesting this form to determine whether the FATCA code and/or exempt payee code should be completed.

Line 5

Enter your address (number, street, and apartment or suite number). This is where the requester of this Form W-9 will mail your information returns. If this address differs from the one the requester already has on file, enter "NEW" at the top. If a new address is provided, there is still a chance the old address will be used until the payor changes your address in their records.

Line 6

Enter your city, state, and ZIP code.

Part I. Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)

Enter your TIN in the appropriate box. If you are a resident alien and you do not have, and are not eligible to get, an SSN, your TIN is your IRS ITIN. Enter it in the entry space for the Social security number. If you do not have an ITIN, see How to get a TIN below.

If you are a sole proprietor and you have an EIN, you may enter either your SSN or EIN.

If you are a single-member LLC that is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner, enter the owner's SSN (or EIN, if the owner has one). If the LLC is classified as a corporation or partnership, enter the entity's EIN.

Note: See What Name and Number To Give the Requester, later, for further clarification of name and TIN combinations.

How to get a TIN. If you do not have a TIN, apply for one immediately. To apply for an SSN, get Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Card, from your local SSA office or get this form online at www.SSA.gov. You may also get this form by calling 800-772-1213. Use Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, to apply for an ITIN, or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number, to apply for an EIN. You can apply for an EIN online by accessing the IRS website at www.irs.gov/EIN. Go to www.irs.gov/Forms to view, download, or print Form W-7 and/or Form SS-4. Or, you can go to www.irs.gov/OrderForms to place an order and have Form W-7 and/or Form SS-4 mailed to you within 15 business days.

If you are asked to complete Form W-9 but do not have a TIN, apply for a TIN and enter "Applied For" in the space for the TIN, sign and date the form, and give it to the requester. For interest and dividend payments, and certain payments made with respect to readily tradable instruments, you will generally have 60 days to get a TIN and give it to the requester before you are subject to backup withholding on payments. The 60-day rule does not apply to other types of payments. You will be subject to backup withholding on all such payments until you provide your TIN to the requester.

Note: Entering "Applied For" means that you have already applied for a TIN or that you intend to apply for one soon. See also Establishing U.S. status for purposes of chapter 3 and chapter 4 withholding, earlier, for when you may instead be subject to withholding under chapter 3 or 4 of the Code.

Caution: A disregarded U.S. entity that has a foreign owner must use the appropriate Form W-8.

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Form W-9 (Rev. 3-2024)
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Part II. Certification

To establish to the withholding agent that you are a U.S. person, or resident alien, sign Form W-9. You may be requested to sign by the withholding agent even if item 1, 4, or 5 below indicates otherwise.

For a joint account, only the person whose TIN is shown in Part I should sign (when required). In the case of a disregarded entity, the person identified on line 1 must sign. Exempt payees, see Exempt payee code, earlier.

Signature requirements. Complete the certification as indicated in items 1 through 5 below.

1. Interest, dividend, and barter exchange accounts opened before 1984 and broker accounts considered active during 1983. You must give your correct TIN, but you do not have to sign the certification.
2. Interest, dividend, broker, and barter exchange accounts opened after 1983 and broker accounts considered inactive during 1983. You must sign the certification or backup withholding will apply. If you are subject to backup withholding and you are merely providing your correct TIN to the requester, you must cross out item 2 in the certification before signing the form.
3. Real estate transactions. You must sign the certification. You may cross out item 2 of the certification.
4. Other payments. You must give your correct TIN, but you do not have to sign the certification unless you have been notified that you have previously given an incorrect TIN. "Other payments" include payments made in the course of the requester's trade or business for rents, royalties, goods (other than bills for merchandise), medical and health care services (including payments to corporations), payments to a nonemployee for services, payments made in settlement of payment card and third-party network transactions, payments to certain fishing boat crew members and fishermen, and gross proceeds paid to attorneys (including payments to corporations).
5. Mortgage interest paid by you, acquisition or abandonment of secured property, cancellation of debt, qualified tuition program payments (under section 529), ABLE accounts (under section 529A), IRA, Coverdell ESA, Archer MSA or HSA contributions or distributions, and pension distributions. You must give your correct TIN, but you do not have to sign the certification.

What Name and Number 
To Give the Requester

For this type of account:; Give name and SSN of:
1. Individual; The individual
2. Two or more individuals (joint account) other than an account maintained by an FFI; The actual owner of the account or, if combined funds, the first individual on the account1
3. Two or more U.S. persons (joint account maintained by an FFI); Each holder of the account
4. Custodial account of a minor (Uniform Gift to Minors Act); The minor2
5a. The usual revocable savings trust (grantor is also trustee); The grantor-trustee1
5b. So-called trust account that is not a legal or valid trust under state law; The actual owner1
6. Sole proprietorship or disregarded entity owned by an individual; The owner3
7. Grantor trust filing under Optional Filing Method 1 (see Regulations section 1.671-4(b)(2)(i)(A))**; The grantor*
8. Disregarded entity not owned by an individual; The owner
9. A valid trust, estate, or pension trust; Legal entity4
10. Corporation or LLC electing corporate status on Form 8832 or Form 2553; The corporation
11. Association, club, religious, charitable, educational, or other tax-exempt organization; The organization
12. Partnership or multi-member LLC; The partnership
13. A broker or registered nominee; The broker or nominee
14. Account with the Department of Agriculture in the name of a public entity (such as a state or local government, school district, or prison) that receives agricultural program payments; The public entity
15. Grantor trust filing Form 1041 or under the Optional Filing Method 2, requiring Form 1099 (see Regulations section 1.671-4(b)(2)(i)(B))**; The trust

1 List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish. If only one person on a joint account has an SSN, that person's number must be furnished.

2 Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's SSN.

3 You must show your individual name on line 1, and enter your business or DBA name, if any, on line 2. You may use either your SSN or EIN (if you have one), but the IRS encourages you to use your SSN.

4 List first and circle the name of the trust, estate, or pension trust. (Do not furnish the TIN of the personal representative or trustee unless the legal entity itself is not designated in the account title.)

* Note: The grantor must also provide a Form W-9 to the trustee of the trust.

** For more information on optional filing methods for grantor trusts, see the Instructions for Form 1041.

Note: If no name is circled when more than one name is listed, the number will be considered to be that of the first name listed.

Secure Your Tax Records From Identity Theft

Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personal information, such as your name, SSN, or other identifying information, without your permission to commit fraud or other crimes. An identity thief may use your SSN to get a job or may file a tax return using your SSN to receive a refund.

To reduce your risk:

• Protect your SSN,
• Ensure your employer is protecting your SSN, and
• Be careful when choosing a tax return preparer.

If your tax records are affected by identity theft and you receive a notice from the IRS, respond right away to the name and phone number printed on the IRS notice or letter.

If your tax records are not currently affected by identity theft but you think you are at risk due to a lost or stolen purse or wallet, questionable credit card activity, or a questionable credit report, contact the IRS Identity Theft Hotline at 800-908-4490 or submit Form 14039.

For more information, see Pub. 5027, Identity Theft Information for Taxpayers.

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Form W-9 (Rev. 3-2024)
Page 6

Victims of identity theft who are experiencing economic harm or a systemic problem, or are seeking help in resolving tax problems that have not been resolved through normal channels, may be eligible for Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) assistance. You can reach TAS by calling the TAS toll-free case intake line at 877-777-4778 or TTY/TDD 800-829-4059.

Protect yourself from suspicious emails or phishing schemes. Phishing is the creation and use of email and websites designed to mimic legitimate business emails and websites. The most common act is sending an email to a user falsely claiming to be an established legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft.

The IRS does not initiate contacts with taxpayers via emails. Also, the IRS does not request personal detailed information through email or ask taxpayers for the PIN numbers, passwords, or similar secret access information for their credit card, bank, or other financial accounts.

If you receive an unsolicited email claiming to be from the IRS, forward this message to phishing@irs.gov. You may also report misuse of the IRS name, logo, or other IRS property to the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) at 800-366-4484. You can forward suspicious emails to the Federal Trade Commission at spam@uce.gov or report them at
www.ftc.gov/complaint. You can contact the FTC at www.ftc.gov/idtheft or 877-IDTHEFT (877-438-4338). If you have been the victim of identity theft, see www.IdentityTheft.gov and Pub. 5027.

Go to www.irs.gov/IdentityTheft to learn more about identity theft and how to reduce your risk.

Privacy Act Notice

Section 6109 of the Internal Revenue Code requires you to provide your correct TIN to persons (including federal agencies) who are required to file information returns with the IRS to report interest, dividends, or certain other income paid to you; mortgage interest you paid; the acquisition or abandonment of secured property; the cancellation of debt; or contributions you made to an IRA, Archer MSA, or HSA. The person collecting this form uses the information on the form to file information returns with the IRS, reporting the above information. Routine uses of this information include giving it to the Department of Justice for civil and criminal litigation and to cities, states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. commonwealths and territories for use in administering their laws. The information may also be disclosed to other countries under a treaty, to federal and state agencies to enforce civil and criminal laws, or to federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to combat terrorism. You must provide your TIN whether or not you are required to file a tax return. Under section 3406, payors must generally withhold a percentage of taxable interest, dividends, and certain other payments to a payee who does not give a TIN to the payor. Certain penalties may also apply for providing false or fraudulent information.

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Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Cat. No. 20479P
Mar 11, 2024

Instructions for the 
Requester of Form W-9
(Rev. March 2024)
Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification

Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code unless otherwise noted.

Future Developments

For the latest developments related to Form W-9 and its instructions, such as legislation enacted after they were published, go to IRS.gov/FormW9.

What's New

Line 3a. We clarified that a Limited Liability Company (LLC) that is a disregarded entity should fill out line 3a by checking the appropriate box for the tax classification of its owner in the first row on line 3a. We also added guidance that provides clarity for disregarded entities completing lines 1 and 2. For proper processing, information for disregarded entities is reported as the owner's name on line 1, and the disregarded entity's name is entered on line 2.

For an LLC that is not disregarded, line 3a has a single box to check and available entry space for the LLC to notate the proper tax classification as corporation, S corporation, or partnership (C, S, or P).

We updated the Note in line 3a to emphasize this distinction for LLCs.

Line 3b. A new line has been added for partnerships (including limited liability companies (LLCs) classified as partnerships for U.S. federal tax purposes), trusts, or estates to indicate if they have foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries when providing this form to a flow-through entity in which it owns an interest. This change provides the flow-through entity with information regarding the status of its indirect foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries, so that it can satisfy any applicable reporting requirements.

You are only required to verify that the box on line 3b has been properly checked if you are a flow-through entity that is otherwise required to obtain a new Form W-9 from your partner, owner, or beneficiary. You may rely on the information provided on line 3b unless you know that it is incorrect. If line 3b is completed (or if it has not been completed and you know that this is incorrect), you may be required to report on Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065) or otherwise provide the relevant information to your partner, owner, or beneficiary. See Partnership Instructions for Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065).

Withholding and reporting under sections 1446(a) and (f) starting in 2023. Section 1446(f), added by P.L. 115-97, section 13501, enacted new rules for withholding on the transfer of a partnership interest.

In general, section 1446(f) applies to transfers of partnership interests occurring on or after January 1, 2018. However, certain withholding provisions of section 1446(f) apply to transfers after 2022, including:

• Transfers of interests in publicly traded partnerships (PTPs) under section 1446(f);
• Distributions made by PTPs (PTP distributions); and
• Partnership withholding under section 1446(f)(4) on distributions to transferees of non-PTP interests that failed to properly withhold under section 1446(f).

The portion of the section 1446(a) regulations relating to withholding and reporting on distributions made by PTPs was expanded to allow certain additional entities to act as nominees for PTP distributions.
For applicability dates for certain regulations under sections 1446(a) and (f), see Notice 2021-51, available at IRS.gov/irb/2021-36_IRB#"NOT-2021-51.
Updated qualified intermediary (QI) agreement. The QI withholding agreement, entered into by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and certain foreign persons under Regulations section 1.1441-1(e), and outlined in Rev. Proc. 2017-15, expired December 31, 2022. New QI guidance effective January 1, 2023, was published in Rev. Proc. 2022-43 and allows certain persons to enter into an agreement to simplify their obligations as withholding agents under chapters 3 and 4 of the Code and as payors under chapter 61 and section 3406 for amounts paid to their account holders. See Rev. Proc. 2022-43, available at IRS.gov/irb/2022-52_IRB#REV-PROC-"
2022-43.

Reminders

Backup withholding rate. The backup withholding rate is 24% for reportable payments.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) and backup withholding exemptions. FATCA requires a participating foreign financial institution (FFI) to report all U.S. account holders that are specified U.S. persons (generally individuals, partnerships, S corporations, LLCs and certain estates and trusts). Form W-9 has space to enter an Exempt payee code (if any) and Exemption from FATCA Reporting Code (if any). The references for the appropriate codes are in the Exemptions section of Form W-9, and in the Payees and Account Holders Exempt From FATCA Reporting section of these instructions.

The Certification section in Part II of Form W-9 includes certification relating to FATCA reporting.

Differences in chapter 3 and chapter 4. Withholding on certain U.S. source reportable payments under chapter 3 is different than withholding on certain withholdable payments to foreign entities that fail to report U.S. owners and account holders under chapter 4. These instructions cover the basics. A review of Pub. 515, Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Entities, is essential to learn details associated with backup withholding not covered here.

Purpose

Chapter 3 provides that non-U.S. persons, whether individuals or entities, are subject to tax on their income that is effectively connected to a U.S. trade or business. A properly completed and signed Form W-9 can be relied upon to avoid backup withholding to a payee. However, a payor of certain information return reportable payments is subject to the withholding requirements under section 3406 (backup withholding), if:

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1. A payee fails to furnish a taxpayer identification number (TIN);
2. IRS provides notification that a payee's TIN is incorrect;
3. There has been a notified payee underreporting of payments of interest or dividends; or
4. There has been a payee failure to certify that the payee is not subject to backup withholding.

A payor must deduct, withhold, and deposit with IRS 24% of reportable payments made to that payee until the cause of the backup withholding is remedied.

Backup withholding liability. If you don't collect backup withholding from affected payees as required, you may become liable for any uncollected amount.

Chapter 4. For chapter 4 purposes, Form W-9 is used to withhold on payments to foreign financial institutions (FFI) and non-financial foreign entities (NFFE) if they don't report all specified U.S. account holders. If an account holder fails to provide its TIN, then the withholding rate is 30%.

TIN matching e-services. The IRS website offers TIN matching e-services for certain payors to validate name and TIN combinations. See Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Matching, later.

Background. Chapter 3

Section 1446(f) generally requires that if a portion of a gain on any disposition of an interest in a partnership would be treated under section 864(c)(8) as effectively connected income (ECI), the transferee purchasing an interest from a non-U.S. transferor must withhold a tax equal to 10% of the amount realized, unless an exception applies. The amount of gain or loss treated as ECI is equal to the distributive share of ECI that would be allocated to the transferring partner if the partnership sold all of its assets as of the date of the transfer. (The partner is deemed to have sold its proportionate share of the assets the partnership uses in its U.S. trade or business.) If a partnership also holds one or more U.S. real property interests, at the time of the disposition of the interest, the gain or loss treated as ECI is figured under Regulations section 1.864(c)(8)-1(c).

Generally, a presumption of foreign status is required if a properly completed and signed Form W-9 is not received. A payee may rebut any presumption by providing reliable documentation to the withholding agent or, if applicable, to the IRS.

If the transferor furnishes an affidavit stating, under penalty of perjury, the transferor's U.S. TIN and that the transferor is not a foreign person, then no withholding is required for a disposition. Withholding is required if the transferee has actual knowledge that the affidavit is false, or the transferee receives a notice from an agent that the statement is false, or the IRS requires the transferee to furnish a copy of the affidavit/statement and the transferee fails to furnish a copy.

If the transferee fails to withhold, the partnership is required to withhold from distributions to the transferee a tax (equal to the amount the transferee failed to withhold, plus interest). See generally T.D. 9926.

Background. Chapter 4

U.S. persons are subject to tax on worldwide income from all sources including income generated outside of the United States. It is not illegal or improper for U.S. taxpayers to own offshore structures, accounts, or assets. However, taxpayers must comply with income tax and information reporting requirements associated with these offshore activities.

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) of 2010 aims at getting information regarding account holders of foreign financial institutions (FFIs), and the substantial U.S. owners of certain foreign entities (more than a 10% ownership interest). A withholding agent must withhold 30% of any withholdable payment (with certain exceptions) to an FFI or non-financial foreign entity (NFFE) that fails to provide documentation that the withholding agent may rely upon to treat the payment as exempt or that fails to provide a certification that it does not have any substantial U.S. owners. See sections 1471 through 1474.

With a model 1 or 2 intergovernmental agreement (IGA), reporting FFIs must identify U.S. accounts and report information about U.S. account holders.

If a withholding agent makes a payment to a person that is not the payee, the withholding agent will be required to determine the chapter 4 status of each intermediary or flow-through entity in the payment chain until the withholding agent is able to identify the payee. Standards for determining when a withholding agent will be considered to have reason to know that a claim of exemption from withholding is unreliable or incorrect are outlined in Regulations section 1.1471-3(e)(4).

See Regulations section 1.1471-3 for details regarding presumptions, valid documentation to determine payee status, and consequences for an agent that fails to withhold in accordance with the presumptions or that has actual knowledge or reason to know facts contrary to the presumptions. For information on exempt payees, see Payees and Account Holders Exempt From FATCA Reporting, later.

Individual Taxpayer 
Identification Number (ITIN)

Form W-9 (or an acceptable substitute) is used by persons required to file information returns with the IRS to get the payee's (or other person's) correct name and TIN. For individuals, the TIN is generally a social security number (SSN).

However, in some cases, individuals who become U.S. resident aliens for federal tax purposes are not eligible to obtain an SSN. This includes certain resident aliens who must receive information returns but who cannot obtain an SSN.

These individuals must apply for an ITIN on Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, unless they have an application pending for an SSN. Individuals who have an ITIN must provide it on Form W-9.

Note. ITINs that haven't been included on a U.S. federal tax return at least once in the last 3 consecutive tax years will expire. Expired ITINs must be renewed in order to avoid delays in processing the ITIN holder's tax return. If the IRS deactivates the ITIN because it has expired, the ITIN may still be used on Form W-9. However, the ITIN holder will have to apply to renew the deactivated ITIN if there is a need to file a tax return. For more information, see the Instructions for Form W-7.

Substitute Form W-9

You may develop and use your own Form W-9 (a substitute Form W-9) if its content is substantially similar to the official IRS Form W-9 and it satisfies certain certification requirements.

A valid Form W-9, or a substitute form, must contain the payee's name and TIN and be signed and dated under penalties of perjury by the payee or a person authorized to sign for the payee. A foreign person, including a U.S. branch of a foreign person that is treated as a U.S. person under Regulations section 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) or a foreign branch of a U.S. financial institution that is a QI, may not provide a Form W-9.

You may incorporate a substitute Form W-9 into other business forms you customarily use, such as account signature cards. However, the certifications on the substitute Form W-9

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must clearly state (as shown on the official Form W-9) that under penalties of perjury:

1. The payee's TIN is correct,
2. The payee is not subject to backup withholding due to failure to report interest and dividend income,
3. The payee is a U.S. person, and
4. The FATCA code entered on this form (if any) indicating that the payee is exempt from FATCA reporting is correct.

You may provide certification instructions on a substitute Form W-9 in a manner similar to the official form. If you are not collecting a FATCA exemption code by omitting that field from the substitute Form W-9, see Payees and Account Holders Exempt From FATCA Reporting, later. Notify the payee that item 4 does not apply.

You may not:

1. Use a substitute Form W-9 that requires the payee, by signing, to agree to provisions unrelated to the required certifications, or
2. Imply that a payee may be subject to backup withholding unless the payee agrees to provisions on the substitute form that are unrelated to the required certifications.

A substitute Form W-9 that contains a separate signature line just for the certifications satisfies the requirement that the certifications be clearly stated.

If a single signature line is used for the required certifications and other provisions, the certifications must be highlighted, boxed, printed in bold-face type, or presented in some other manner that causes the language to stand out from all other information contained on the substitute form. Additionally, the following statement must be presented to stand out in the same manner as described above and must appear immediately above the single signature line:

"The IRS does not require your consent to any provision of this document other than the certifications required to avoid backup withholding."

If you use a substitute form, you are required to provide the Form W-9 instructions to the payee only if he or she requests them. However, if the IRS has notified the payee that backup withholding applies, then you must instruct the payee to strike out the language in the certification that relates to underreporting. This instruction can be given orally or in writing. See item 2 of the Certification on Form W-9. You can replace "defined below" with "defined in the instructions" in item 3 of the Certification on Form W-9 when the instructions will not be provided to the payee except upon request. For more information, see Rev. Proc. 83-89,1983-2 C.B. 613, amplified by Rev. Proc. 96-26, which is on page 22 of Internal Revenue Bulletin 1996-8, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/"
irb96-08.pdf.

TIN Applied For

For interest and dividend payments and certain payments with respect to readily tradable instruments, the payee may return a properly completed, signed Form W-9 to you with "Applied For" written in Part I. This is an "awaiting-TIN" certificate. The payee has 60 calendar days, from the date you receive this certificate, to provide a TIN. If you do not receive the payee's TIN at that time, you must begin backup withholding on payments.

Reserve rule. You must backup withhold on any reportable payments made during the 60-day period if a payee withdraws more than $500 at one time, unless the payee reserves an amount equal to the current year's backup withholding rate on all reportable payments made to the account.

Alternative rule. You may also elect to backup withhold during this 60-day period, after a 7-day grace period, under one of the two alternative rules discussed below.

Option 1. Backup withhold on any reportable payments if the payee makes a withdrawal from the account after the close of 7 business days after you receive the awaiting-TIN certificate. Treat as reportable payments all cash withdrawals in an amount up to the reportable payments made from the day after you receive the awaiting-TIN certificate to the day of withdrawal.

Option 2. Backup withhold on any reportable payments made to the payee's account, regardless of whether the payee makes any withdrawals, beginning no later than 7 business days after you receive the awaiting-TIN certificate.

CAUTION! The 60-day exemption from backup withholding does not apply to any payment other than interest, dividends, and certain payments relating to readily tradable instruments. Any other reportable payment, such as nonemployee compensation, is subject to backup withholding immediately, even if the payee has applied for and is awaiting a TIN.

Even if the payee gives you an awaiting-TIN certificate, you must backup withhold on reportable interest and dividend payments if the payee does not certify, under penalties of perjury, that the payee is not subject to backup withholding.

If you do not collect backup withholding from affected payees as required, you may become liable for any uncollected amount.

For payees exempt from backup withholding, see Payees Exempt From Backup Withholding. For payments exempt from backup withholding, see Payments Exempt From Backup Withholding.

How Do I Know When To Use Form W-9?

Use Form W-9 to request the taxpayer identification number (TIN) of a U.S. person (including a resident alien) and to request certain certifications and claims for exemption. (See Purpose of Form on Form W-9.) Withholding agents, defined later, may require signed Forms W-9 from U.S. exempt recipients to overcome a presumption of foreign status. For federal tax purposes, a U.S. person includes, but is not limited to:

• An individual who is a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien;
• A partnership, corporation, company, or association created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States;
• Any estate (other than a foreign estate); or
• A domestic trust (as defined in Regulations section 301.7701-7).

Submission of a signed Form W-9 or other certification of non-foreign status may be required from a U.S. person to avoid withholding applicable to foreign persons when:

• A withholding agent makes a reportable payment of an amount subject to withholding under sections 1441-1443 or a withholdable payment under sections 1471-1474.
• A transferor disposes of a U.S. real property interest and the amount realized is subject to withholding under section 1445(a).
• A U.S. real property holding corporation, certain real estate investment trusts (REITs), regulated investment companies (RICs), or certain partnerships makes a distribution subject to withholding under section 1445(e).
• A partnership is required to withhold under section 1446(a) on a partner's allocable share of the partnership's effectively connected taxable income.
• A transferor transfers an interest in a partnership engaged in a trade or business within the United States and the amount realized is subject to withholding under section 1446(f)(1).

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Generally, if a Form W-9 or other certification of non-foreign status has not been received, the rules under chapters 3 and 4 require the withholding agent, transferee, or partnership (payor) to presume that the recipient, owner, transferor, or partner (payee) is subject to withholding and payment of the applicable withholding tax.

See Pub. 515 for more information.

A participating foreign financial institution (PFFI) should request Form W-9 from an account holder that is a U.S. person. If an account is jointly held, the PFFI should request a Form W-9 from each holder that is a U.S. person. A recalcitrant account holder is an account holder that is not an FFI and that fails to comply with documentation or information requests from an FFI in which it holds an account. In the case of such clients, PFFIs must withhold 30% on all U.S. withholdable payments as defined by the IRS FATCA regulations.

A partnership that receives a signed Form W-9 that has box 3b checked from any of its partners, indicating that the partner has (direct or indirect) foreign partners, owners, or beneficiaries, may be required to complete Schedules K-2 and K-3 (Form 1065).

Advise foreign persons to use the appropriate Form W-8 or Form 8233, Exemption From Withholding on Compensation for Independent (and Certain Dependent) Personal Services of a Nonresident Alien Individual. See Pub. 515 for a list of the W-8 forms.

Establishing U.S. Status for Purposes of Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Withholding

Under chapters 3 and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code:

• A withholding agent that makes a payment of an amount subject to withholding or a withholdable payment to a foreign person generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under sections 1441-1443 or 1471-1474.
• A transferee of a U.S. real property interest from a foreign transferor generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under section 1445(a).
• A U.S. real property holding corporation, certain REITs or RICs, and certain partnerships must withhold and pay a withholding tax under section 1445(e) on certain distributions to a foreign person.
• A partnership that conducts a trade or business in the United States generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under section 1446(a) on any foreign partner's allocable share of effectively connected taxable income from such business.
• A transferee of an interest in a partnership engaged in a trade or business within the United States from a foreign transferor generally must withhold and pay a withholding tax under section 1446(f)(1).

In the cases below, the following person must be the one that provides the Form W-9 to the payor for purposes of establishing its non-foreign status.

• In the case of a disregarded entity with a U.S. owner, the U.S. owner of the disregarded entity and not the disregarded entity.
• In the case of a grantor trust with a U.S. grantor or other U.S. owner, generally, the U.S. grantor or other U.S. owner of the grantor trust and not the grantor trust.
• In the case of a U.S. trust (other than a grantor trust), the U.S. trust and not the beneficiaries of the trust.

See Pub. 515 for more information.

Electronic Submission of Forms W-9

Requesters may establish a system for payees and payees' agents to submit Forms W-9 electronically, including by fax. A requester is anyone required to file an information return. A payee is anyone required to provide a taxpayer identification number (TIN) to the requester. A payee is the holder of the account except if there is a QI, or a foreign person acting as agent or intermediary for a payment.

Electronic system. Generally, the electronic system must:

• Ensure the information received is the information sent, and document all occasions of user access that result in the submission;
• Make reasonably certain that the person accessing the system and submitting the form is the person identified on Form W-9, the investment advisor, or the introducing broker;
• Provide the same information as the paper Form W-9;
• Be able to supply a hard copy of the electronic Form W-9 if the IRS requests it; and
• Require as the final entry in the submission an electronic signature by the payee whose name is on Form W-9 that authenticates and verifies the submission. The electronic signature must be under penalties of perjury, and the perjury statement must contain the language of the paper Form W-9.

TIP For Forms W-9 that are not required to be signed, the electronic system need not provide for an electronic signature or a perjury statement.

For more details, see:

• Announcement 98-27, which is on page 30 of Internal Revenue Bulletin 1998-15, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb98-15.pdf.
• Announcement 2001-91, which is on page 221 of Internal Revenue Bulletin 2001-36 at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb01-36.pdf.

Responsibility of a Withholding Agent/Qualified Intermediary (QI)/Nominee

Payee's agent. A payee's agent can be an investment advisor (corporation, partnership, or individual) or an introducing broker. An investment advisor must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The introducing broker is a broker-dealer that is regulated by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), and that is not a payor. Except for a broker who acts as a payee's agent for "readily tradable instruments," the advisor or broker must show in writing to the payor that the payee authorized the advisor or broker to transmit the Form W-9 to the payor.

A withholding agent may be an individual, corporation, partnership, trust, association, or any other entity, including (but not limited to) any foreign intermediary, foreign partnership, or U.S. branch of certain foreign banks and insurance companies. If several persons qualify as withholding agents for a single payment, the tax must only be withheld once.

A withholding agent is any person, U.S. or foreign, in whatever capacity acting, that has the control, receipt, custody, disposal, or payment of a withholdable payment or foreign pass-through payment. Generally, a withholding agent can reliably associate a withholdable payment with valid documentation if, before the payment, it has obtained (either directly from the payee or through its agent) valid documentation appropriate to the payee's chapter 4 status, it can reliably determine how much of the payment relates to the valid documentation, and it does not know (or have reason to know) that any of the information, certifications, or statements in, or associated with, the documentation are unreliable or incorrect.

A withholding agent that is making a withholdable payment to a nonqualified intermediary, for which a withholding statement is required under chapters 3 or 4, may accept a withholding statement that meets the requirements described in Regulations section 1.1471-3(c)(3). A nonqualified intermediary (NQI) is an

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intermediary that has not entered into any agreement with the IRS, and NQIs generally do not have any obligations other than passing up information regarding the persons for whom they receive payments so that upstream withholding agents can withhold and report as required.

A certificate or other documentation becomes invalid on the date that the withholding agent knows (or has reason to know) that circumstances affecting the correctness of the certificate or documentation have changed. See Pub. 515 for examples. For due diligence requirements applicable to withholding agents under chapter 4, see Regulations section 1.1471-3.

The Qualified Intermediary (QI) system is designed to simplify withholding and reporting obligations under Regulations section 1.1441-1(e)(5) and allows an FFI, or foreign branches of a U.S. financial institution, to receive favorable documentation, reporting, and withholding tax treatment. A QI must provide a withholding agent with the Forms W-9 or disclose the names, addresses, and taxpayer identifying numbers, if known, of those U.S. non-exempt recipients for whom the QI receives reportable amounts to the extent required in the QI's agreement with the IRS. See Regulations section 1.1441-1(e)(5). For additional withholding and reporting provisions applicable to QIs under chapters 3 and 4, see Rev. Proc. 2022-43, available at IRS.gov/irb/2022-52_IRB#
REV-PROC-2022-43.

For information for QIs, nominees, and brokers carrying out transfers of an interest in a PTP, see Regulations section 1.1446(f)-4. See also Notice 2023-8, available at IRS.gov/irb/2023-02_IRB#
NOT-2023-8.

Section 1445. For a disposition of a U.S. real property interest, the transferee generally is required to withhold 15% of the amount realized. See Pub. 515. For definitions of a U.S. real property interest and a U.S. real property holding company, see section 897.

Payees Exempt From Backup Withholding

Certain payees are exempt from backup withholding with respect to the payments below, and should enter the corresponding exempt payee code on Form W-9. You may rely on the payee's claim of exemption unless you have actual knowledge that the exempt payee code and/or classification selected are not valid, or if they are inconsistent with each other. In that case, you may rely on the Form W-9 for purposes of obtaining the payee's TIN, but you must treat the payee as non-exempt. If the payee failed to enter an exempt payee code, but the classification selected indicates that the payee is exempt, you may accept the classification and treat the payee as exempt unless you have actual knowledge that the classification is not valid.

If the payee is not exempt, you are required to backup withhold on reportable payments if the payee does not provide a TIN in the manner required or does not sign the certification, if required. Exempt payees include:

1. An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), any IRA, or a custodial account under section 403(b)(7) if the account satisfies the requirements of section 401(f)(2);
2. The United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities;
3. A state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. commonwealth or territory, or any of their political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities;
4. A foreign government or any of its political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities;
5. A corporation;
6. A dealer in securities or commodities required to register in the United States, the District of Columbia, or a U.S. commonwealth or territory;
7. A futures commission merchant registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission;
8. A real estate investment trust;
9. An entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
10. A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a);
11. A financial institution as defined under section 581;
12. A middleman known in the investment community as a nominee or custodian; or
13. A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in section 4947.

The following types of payments are exempt from backup withholding as indicated for payees listed in 1 through 13 above.

Interest and dividend payments. All listed payees are exempt except the payee in item 7.

Broker transactions. All payees listed in items 1 through 4 and 6 through 11 are exempt. Also, C corporations are exempt. A person registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 who regularly acts as a broker is also exempt.

Barter exchange transactions and patronage dividends. Only payees listed in items 1 through 4 are exempt.

Payments reportable under sections 6041 and 6041A. Payees listed in items 1 through 5 generally are exempt.

However, the following payments made to a corporation and reportable on Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Information, are not exempt from backup withholding.

• Medical and health care payments.
• Attorneys' fees (also gross proceeds paid to an attorney, reportable under section 6045(f)).
• Payments for services paid by a federal executive agency. (See Rev. Rul. 2003-66, which is on page 1115 of Internal Revenue Bulletin 2003-26, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb03-26.pdf.)

Payments made in settlement of payment card or third party network transactions. Only payees listed in items 1 through 4 are exempt.

Payments Exempt From Backup Withholding

Payments that are not subject to information reporting also are not subject to backup withholding. For details, see sections 6041, 6041A, 6042, 6044, 6049, and 6050N and their regulations. The following payments generally are exempt from backup withholding.

Dividends and patronage dividends.

• Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.
• Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the United States and that have at least one nonresident alien partner.
• Payments of patronage dividends not paid in money.
• Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
• Section 404(k) distributions made by an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP).

Interest payments.

• Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. However, if you pay $600 or more of interest in the course of your trade or business to a payee, you must report the payment.

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Backup withholding applies to the reportable payment if the payee has not provided a TIN or has provided an incorrect TIN.
• Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.
• Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.
• Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
• Mortgage or student loan interest paid to you.

Other types of payment.

• Wages.
• Distributions from a pension, annuity, profit-sharing or stock bonus plan, any IRA, an owner-employee plan, or other deferred compensation plan.
• Distributions from a medical or health savings account and long-term care benefits.
• Certain surrenders of life insurance contracts.
• Distribution from qualified tuition programs or Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (ESAs).
• Gambling winnings if regular gambling winnings withholding is required under section 3402(q). However, if regular gambling winnings withholding is not required under section 3402(q), backup withholding applies if the payee fails to furnish a TIN.
• Real estate transactions reportable under section 6045(e).
• Cancelled debts reportable under section 6050P.
• Fish purchases for cash reportable under section 6050R.

Payees and Account Holders Exempt From FATCA Reporting

Reporting under chapter 4 (FATCA) with respect to U.S. persons generally applies only to non-financial foreign entities (NFFEs), and foreign financial institutions (FFIs) (including a branch of a U.S. financial institution that is treated as an FFI under an applicable intergovernmental agreement (IGA)). For information on IGAs, see the IRS website FATCA page, available at IRS.gov/FATCA. See also Pub. 5118, FATCA Online Registration User Guide, for more information.

Thus, for example, a U.S. financial institution maintaining an account in the United States does not need to collect an exemption code for FATCA reporting. If you are providing a Form W-9, you may pre-populate the FATCA exemption code with "Not Applicable," "N/A," or a similar indication that an exemption from FATCA reporting does not apply. Any payee that provides such a form, however, cannot be treated as exempt from FATCA reporting. See Regulations section 1.1471-3(d)(2) for when an FFI may rely on documentary evidence to treat a U.S. person as other than a specified U.S. person, and see Regulations section 1.1471-3(f)(3) for when an FFI may apply a presumption rule and treat a U.S. person as other than a specified U.S. person.

If you receive a Form W-9 with a FATCA exemption code and you know or have reason to know the person is a specified U.S. person, you may not rely on the Form W-9 to treat the person as exempt from FATCA reporting. However, you may still rely on an otherwise completed Form W-9 to treat a person as a specified U.S. person. An exemption from FATCA reporting (or lack thereof) does not affect backup withholding as described earlier in these instructions. The following are not specified U.S. persons under chapter 4 and are thus exempt from FATCA reporting.

A. An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or any individual retirement plan as defined in section 7701(a)(37);
B. The United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities;
C. A state, the District of Columbia, a U.S. commonwealth or territory, or any of their political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities;
D. A corporation the stock of which is regularly traded on one or more established securities markets, as described in Regulations section 1.1472-1(c)(1)(i);
E. A corporation that is a member of the same expanded affiliated group as a corporation described in Regulations section 1.1472-1(c)(1)(i);
F. A dealer in securities, commodities, or derivative financial instruments (including notional principal contracts, futures, forwards, and options) that is registered as such under the laws of the United States or any state;
G. A real estate investment trust;
H. A regulated investment company as defined in section 851 or an entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
I. A common trust fund as defined in section 584(a);
J. A bank as defined in section 581;
K. A broker;
L. A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in section 4947; or
M. A tax-exempt trust under a section 403(b) plan or section 457(g) plan.

Joint Foreign Payees

Under chapter 4, if the first payee listed on an account gives you a form within the W-8 series, or a similar statement signed under penalties of perjury, backup withholding applies unless:

1. Every joint payee provides the statement regarding foreign status, or
2. Any one of the joint payees who has not established foreign status gives you a TIN.

If any one of the joint payees who hasn't established foreign status gives you a TIN, use that number for purposes of backup withholding and information reporting.

Generally, if a withholding agent makes a payment to joint payees and cannot reliably associate the payment with valid documentation from each payee, but all of the joint payees appear to be individuals, then the payment is presumed made to an unidentified U.S. person, and backup withholding applies. However, if one of the joint payees provides a Form W-9 in accordance with the procedures described in Regulations section 31.3406(d)-1 through 31.3406(d)-5, the payment is treated as made to that payee, and no withholding is required. See Regulations sections 1.1441-1(b)(9), and 1.1471-3(f)(7).

For more information on foreign payees, see the Instructions for the Requester of Forms W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, and W-8IMY.

Names and TINs To Use for Information Reporting

Show the full name and address as provided on Form W-9 on the information return filed with the IRS and on the copy furnished to the payee. If the payee has marked their address "NEW," you should update your records. If you made payments to more than one payee or the account is in more than one name, enter on the first name line of the information return only the name of the payee whose TIN is shown on Form W-9. You may show the names of any other individual payees in the area below the first name line on the information return. Forms W-9 showing an ITIN must have the name exactly as shown on line 1a of the Form W-7 application. If you are a PFFI reporting a U.S. account on Form 8966, FATCA Report, and the account is

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jointly held by U.S. persons, file a separate Form 8966 for each holder.

TIP For more information on the names and TINs to use for information reporting, see section J of the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns, available at IRS.gov/instructions/i1099gi.

Notices From the IRS

The IRS will send you a notice if the payee's name and TIN on the information return you filed don't match the IRS's records. (See Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Matching next.) If you receive a backup withholding notice, you may have to send a "B" notice to the payee to solicit another TIN. Pub. 1281, Backup Withholding for Missing and Incorrect Name/TIN(s), contains copies of the two types of "B" notices. If you receive a penalty notice, you may also have to send a solicitation to the payee. See Pub. 1586, Reasonable Cause Regulations & Requirements for Missing and Incorrect Name/TINs on Information Returns.

Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Matching

TIN matching allows a payor or authorized agent who is required to file information returns to match TIN and name combinations with IRS records before submitting the forms to the IRS. TIN matching is one of the e-services products that is offered and is accessible through the IRS website. Go to the eServices Registration home page, located at IRS.gov/e-services. See also Pub. 2108A, On-Line Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Matching Program, for guidance. It is anticipated that payors who validate the TIN and name combinations before filing information returns will receive fewer backup withholding (CP2100) notices and penalty notices. Program participants will generally be able to rely on a verified TIN/name match as reasonable cause under section 6724(a), which will provide significant incentive for payors to check and correct payee TINs before filing information returns and payee statements. See Rev. Proc. 2003-9, which is on page 516 of Internal Revenue Bulletin 2003-8, available at 
IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb03-08.pdf. Any information received through the TIN matching program must be kept confidential in accordance with Regulations section 31.3406(f)-1.

Payment and Returns of Tax Withheld

Form 945. If you withhold or are required to withhold federal income tax (including backup withholding) from nonpayroll payments, you must file Form 945, Annual Return of Withheld Federal Income Tax. Report all federal income tax withholding from nonpayroll payments or distributions annually on one Form 945. Form 945 is used to report income tax withholding on nonpayroll payments including backup withholding and withholding on pensions, annuities, IRAs, military retirement, and gambling winnings. A payor must remit to the IRS all monies withheld from reportable payments based on a certain deposit schedule. Form 945-A, Annual Record of Federal Tax Liability, is used to report tax liability by payors who deposit nonpayroll income tax withheld on a semiweekly schedule, or whose tax liability on any day is $100,000 or more. See T.D. 8672 for details of reporting nonpayroll withheld income taxes under section 6011. See the Instructions for Form 945.

Form 1042. Don't report on Form 945 withholding that is required to be reported electronically on Form 1042, Annual Withholding Tax Return for U.S. Source Income of Foreign Persons. Use Form 1042 to report tax withheld under chapter 3 on certain income of foreign persons, including nonresident aliens, foreign partnerships, foreign corporations, foreign estates, and foreign trusts. Also use Form 1042 to report tax withheld under chapter 4 on withholdable payments. See the Instructions for Form 1042 for details.

Additional Information

For more information on backup withholding, see Pubs. 1281 and 515.
                                                                                                  